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M3A1 (Stuart) Light Tank. 1941. Легкий танк M3А1 “Стюарт”.
Image by Peer.Gynt
Technical Museum of Vadim Zadorozhny. Moscow.
Музей Техники Вадима Задорожного. Москва.
The M3 Stuart, formally Light Tank M3 was an American light tank of Globe War II. It was employed by British and Commonwealth forces prior to the entry of the USA into the war, and thereafter by US and Allied forces until the finish of the war. The name Basic Stuart or Stuart provided by the British comes from the American Civil War Common J.E.B. Stuart and was employed for each the M3 and M5 Light Tank in British service it also had the unofficial nickname of Honey. To the United States Army the tanks were officially recognized only as Light Tank M3 and Light Tank M5.
History
Observing events in Europe, American tank designers realized that the Light Tank M2 was becoming obsolete and set about improving it. The upgraded design and style, with thicker armor, modified suspension and new gun recoil program was called "Light Tank M3". Production of the automobile began in March 1941 and continued until October 1943. Like its direct predecessor, the M2A4, the M3 was armed with a 37 mm M5 gun and five .30-06 Browning M1919A4 machine guns: coaxial with the gun, on best of the turret in an M20 AA mount, in a ball mount in proper bow, in the proper and left hull sponsons.
To relieve the demand for the radial aero-engines employed in the M3, a new version was developed using twin Cadillac V-eight automobile engines. The new model (initially named M4 but redesignated M5 to avoid confusion with the M4 Sherman) also featured a redesigned hull with sloped glacis plate and driver’s hatches moved to the prime. Even though the main criticism from the utilizing units was that the Stuarts lacked firepower, the enhanced M5 series kept the identical 37 mm gun. The M5 steadily replaced the M3 in production from 1942 and was in turn succeeded by the Light Tank M24 in 1944.
Combat history
Light Tank M5A1 passes via the wrecked streets of Coutances.
An Australian Stuart I for the duration of the final assault on Buna.
A British M3 (Stuart I) knocked out throughout fighting in North Africa.The British Army was the first to use the Light Tank M3 as the "General Stuart" in combat. In November 1941, some 170 Stuarts took part in Operation Crusader, with poor results. Although the higher losses suffered by Stuart-equipped units in the course of the operation had far more to do with much better techniques and education of the Afrika Korps than the apparent superiority of German armor in the North African campaign, the operation revealed that the M3 had many technical faults. Pointed out in the British complaints were the 37 mm M5 gun and poor internal layout. The two-man turret crew was a important weakness, and some British units tried to fight with 3-man turret crews. The Stuart also had a restricted range, which was a severe dilemma in desert warfare as units frequently outpaced their supplies and have been stranded when they ran out of fuel. On the good side, crews liked its higher speed and mechanical reliability, hence its unofficial nickname of Honey. The higher speed and higher reliability distinguished the Stuart from cruiser tanks of the period, in specific the Crusader, which composed a big portion of the British tank force in Africa up until 1942.
From the summer of 1942, when sufficient US medium tanks had been received, the British typically kept Stuarts out of tank-to-tank combat, using them mainly for reconnaissance. The turret was removed from some examples to save weight and enhance speed and range. These became recognized as "Stuart Recce". Some other folks have been converted to armored personnel carriers and had been recognized as "Stuart Kangaroo", and some have been converted command autos and recognized as "Stuart Command". M3s, M3A3s, and M5s continued in British service till the finish of the war, but British armor units had a smaller proportion of these light tanks than US units.
The other significant Lend-Lease recipient of the M3, the Soviet Union, was even much less happy with the tank, taking into consideration it undergunned, underarmored, likely to catch fire, and also sensitive to fuel quality. The narrow tracks had been hugely unsuited to operation in winter circumstances, as they resulted in high ground pressures that sank the tank into the snow. Also, the M3’s radial aircraft engine needed higher-octane fuel, which difficult Soviet logistics as most of their tanks utilized diesel. Even so, the M3 was superior to early-war Soviet light tanks such as the T-60, which have been frequently underpowered and possessed even lighter armament than the Stuart. In 1943, the Red Army attempted out the M5 and decided that the upgraded design wasn’t considerably better than the M3. Being significantly less desperate than in 1941, the Soviets turned down an American offer to supply the M5. M3s continued in Red Army service at least until 1944.
In US Army service, the M3 1st saw combat in the Philippines. Two battalions, comprising the Provisional Tank Group fought in the Bataan peninsula campaign. When the American army joined the North African Campaign in late 1942, Stuart units nonetheless formed a large component of its armor strength. Following the disastrous Battle of the Kasserine Pass the US speedily followed the British in disbanding most of their light tank battalions and subordinating the Stuarts to medium tank battalions performing the standard cavalry missions of scouting and screening. For the rest of the war, most US tank battalions had 3 firms of M4 Shermans and one particular organization of M3s or M5/M5A1s.
In the European theater, Allied light tanks had to be given cavalry and infantry fire help roles because their main cannon armament could not compete with heavier enemy AFVs. Nevertheless, the Stuart was nonetheless powerful in combat in the Pacific Theater, as Japanese tanks have been each fairly rare and have been typically much weaker than even Allied light tanks. Japanese infantrymen have been poorly equipped with anti-tank weapons and tended to attack tanks utilizing close-assault tactics. In this atmosphere, the Stuart was only moderately far more vulnerable than medium tanks. In addition, the poor terrain and roads typical to the theatre had been unsuitable for the considerably heavier M4 medium tanks, and so initially, only light armor could be deployed. Heavier M4s had been at some point brought to overcome heavily entrenched positions, even though the Stuart continued to serve in a combat capacity until the finish of the war.
Though the Stuart was to be entirely replaced by the newer M24 Chaffee, the number of M3s/M5s created was so great (over 25,000 which includes the 75 mm HMC M8) that the tank remained in service until the finish of the war and nicely soon after. In addition to the United States, United Kingdom and Soviet Union, who were the main customers, it was also used by France, China (M3A3s and, right away post-war, M5A1s) and Tito’s partisans in Yugoslavia (M3A3s and few M3A1).
Right after the war, some countries chose to equip their armies with inexpensive and trustworthy Stuarts. The Republic of China Army, possessing suffered great attrition in terms of armors as a result of the ensuing civil war, rebuilt their armored forces by acquiring surplus cars left behind in the former PTO by the US forces, which includes 22 M5A1s to equip two tank firms. They would have their finest hours in the course of the Battle of Kuningtou, for which the tank came to be identified as the "Bear of Kinmen" (金門之熊). The M5 played a important part in the Initial Kashmir War (1947) in between India and Pakistan, like the battle of Zoji-la pass at an extraordinary altitude of practically 12,000 ft. The automobile remained in service in many South American countries at least until 1996.
Throughout the 60s and 70s, the Portuguese Army also employed some in the war in Angola, where its all terrain capability (compared to wheeled autos) was drastically appreciated.
Production history
Developed 1941-1943
Specifications
Weight 14.7 tonnes (32,400 lb)
Length four.5 m (14.eight ft)
Width 2.46 m (eight.1 ft)
Height 2.3 m (7.five ft)
Crew four (Commander, gunner, driver, co-driver)
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Armor 13 – 51 mm
Main
armament 37 mm M6 in M44 mount
174 rounds
Secondary
armament 3 x .30-06 Browning M1919A4 MG
7,500 rounds
Engine Continental W-670-9A, 7 Cylinder air-cooled radial
250 hp (186 kW)
Energy/weight 17.82 hp/tonne
Suspension Vertical volute spring
Operational
range 120 km (74 mi)
Speed 58 km/h (36 mph) (road)
30 km/h (18 mph) (off-road)
From Wikipedia, the totally free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Stuart
Emma Willard House (1809) – MiddColl historical plaque
Image by origamidon
131 South Major Street, Middlebury, Vermont USA • This two-story brick structure was from 1809 till 1819 the property of Emma Hart Willard, an influential pioneer in the development of women’s education in the United States. It is now employed as the admissions office for Middlebury College, which was known as the Middlebury Female Seminary when it was founded in 1814 by Emma Willard. – from the NPS Statement of Significance.
☞ On December 21, 1965, the National Park Service designated this structure a National Historic Landmark (#66000798).
National Historic Landmarks are nationally important historic locations designated by the Secretary of the Interior since they possess exceptional worth or high quality in illustrating or interpreting the heritage of the United States. These days, fewer than two,500 historic places bear this national distinction. – [And 1 of only 17 in Vermont.] – Functioning with citizens throughout the nation, the National Historic Landmarks Program draws upon the experience of National Park Service employees who work to nominate new landmarks and give help to current landmarks.
National Historic Landmarks are exceptional areas. They form a widespread bond in between all Americans. Although there are several historic areas across the nation, only a little quantity have which means to all Americans — these we get in touch with our National Historic Landmarks. – from the National Park Service.
☞ On October 15, 1966, the Emma Willard Home was added to the National Register of Historic Areas (#66000798).
☞ This structure is listed on the Vermont State Register of Historic Places. Source: Data excerpts from "The Historic Architecture of Addison County: including a listing of the Vermont State Register of Historic Areas" Vermont Division of Historic Preservation Curtis B. Johnson, Editor © 1992.
• A lot more info: The GeoHack for 44°0′27″N 73°10′29″W and a hyperlink to the Emma Willard College, in Troy, New York.
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In July, 2010, I started a project to check out and document all seventeen Landmarks in Vermont. Here they are (in order of designation by the National Park Service):
[01] 09/22/60 – JUSTIN S. MORRILL HOMESTEAD, Strafford, Orange County
[02] 01/28/64 – TICONDEROGA (Side-paddle-wheel Lakeboat), Shelburne, Chittenden County
[03] 06/23/65 – CALVIN COOLIDGE HOMESTEAD DISTRICT, Plymouth Notch, Windsor County
[04] 12/21/65 – EMMA WILLARD Home, Middlebury, Addison County
[05] 11/13/66 – ROBBINS AND LAWRENCE ARMORY AND MACHINE SHOP, Windsor, Windsor County
[06] 06/11/67 – GEORGE PERKINS MARSH BOYHOOD Residence, Woodstock, Windsor County
[07] 05/23/68 – ROBERT FROST FARM, Addison County
[08] 12/30/70 – VERMONT STATEHOUSE, Montpelier, Washington County
[09] 11/28/72 – MOUNT INDEPENDENCE, Addison County
[ten] 12/20/89 – STELLAFANE OBSERVATORY, Springfield, Windsor County
[11] 11/04/93 – NAULAKHA (Rudyard Kipling Residence), Dummerston, Windham County
[12] 06/19/96 – OLD ROUND CHURCH, Richmond, Chittenden County
[13] 06/19/96 – ST. JOHNSBURY ATHENAEUM, St. Johnsbury, Caledonia County
[14] 12/09/97 – ROKEBY, Ferrisburgh, Addison County
[15] 05/16/00 – ROCKINGHAM MEETING House, Windham County
[16] 05/16/00 – SOCIALIST LABOR Celebration HALL, Barre, Washington County
[17] 01/03/01 – SHELBURNE FARMS, Shelburne, Chittenden County
The Old Round Church (1813) – interior
Image by origamidon
Bridge St. and Cochran Rd., Richmond, Vermont USA • The Round Church, also recognized as Old Round Church, is a uncommon, effectively-preserved instance of a sixteen-sided meeting residence. It was constructed to serve as the meeting place for the town as nicely as five Protestant congregations. Today it is maintained by the The Richmond Historical Society. and is open to the public in the course of the summer and early fall, It is also available for weddings and other events.
… Richmond architect and builder William Rhodes displayed a level of skill and imagination that is typically reserved for "high style" architects. Traditionally, 18th and 19th century meetinghouses have been rectangular or sometimes square in type. Not too long ago restored, the Round Church is substantial as an exceptional, and possibly sole, surviving instance of an early 19th century sixteen-sided meeting property. – from the NHL Statement of Significance.
☞ On June 20, 1974, this structure was added to the National Register of Historic Areas (#74000355).
☞ On June 19, 1996, the National Park Service designated this structure a National Historic Landmark (#74000355).
National Historic Landmarks are nationally considerable historic places designated by the Secretary of the Interior simply because they possess exceptional value or good quality in illustrating or interpreting the heritage of the United States. These days, fewer than 2,500 historic locations bear this national distinction. – [And a single of only 17 in Vermont.] – Functioning with citizens throughout the nation, the National Historic Landmarks System draws upon the knowledge of National Park Service staff who perform to nominate new landmarks and supply help to current landmarks.
National Historic Landmarks are exceptional places. They kind a common bond between all Americans. While there are many historic places across the nation, only a tiny quantity have meaning to all Americans — these we get in touch with our National Historic Landmarks. – from the National Park Service.
• More information: The GeoHack for 44°23′56.3″N 72°59′58″W and the Wikipedia summary.
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
In July, 2010, I began a project to go to and document all seventeen Landmarks in Vermont. Here they are (in order of designation by the National Park Service):
[01] 09/22/60 – JUSTIN S. MORRILL HOMESTEAD, Strafford, Orange County
[02] 01/28/64 – TICONDEROGA (Side-paddle-wheel Lakeboat), Shelburne, Chittenden County
[03] 06/23/65 – CALVIN COOLIDGE HOMESTEAD DISTRICT, Plymouth Notch, Windsor County
[04] 12/21/65 – EMMA WILLARD Property, Middlebury, Addison County
[05] 11/13/66 – ROBBINS AND LAWRENCE ARMORY AND MACHINE SHOP, Windsor, Windsor County
[06] 06/11/67 – GEORGE PERKINS MARSH BOYHOOD Home, Woodstock, Windsor County
[07] 05/23/68 – ROBERT FROST FARM, Addison County
[08] 12/30/70 – VERMONT STATEHOUSE, Montpelier, Washington County
[09] 11/28/72 – MOUNT INDEPENDENCE, Addison County
[ten] 12/20/89 – STELLAFANE OBSERVATORY, Springfield, Windsor County
[11] 11/04/93 – NAULAKHA (Rudyard Kipling Home), Dummerston, Windham County
[12] 06/19/96 – OLD ROUND CHURCH, Richmond, Chittenden County
[13] 06/19/96 – ST. JOHNSBURY ATHENAEUM, St. Johnsbury, Caledonia County
[14] 12/09/97 – ROKEBY, Ferrisburgh, Addison County
[15] 05/16/00 – ROCKINGHAM MEETING Residence, Windham County
[16] 05/16/00 – SOCIALIST LABOR Celebration HALL, Barre, Washington County
[17] 01/03/01 – SHELBURNE FARMS, Shelburne, Chittenden County